Study design report & analytical planning and data analysis Essay Example for Free

Study design report analytical planning and data analysis Essay Part 2 STUDY TWO (Open file 1. 2. sav dataset) RESEARCH QUESTIONS: Factors related to birth weight outcomes specifically for this study: 1. Are there differences between three birthweight groups in maternal lead level? 2. Is maternal age at first childbirth associated with birth weight? BACKGROUND: It has been suggested by previous research findings that maternal blood-lead levels as an environmental factor is an apparent predictor of low birth weight; another possible explanatory factor of low birth weight relates to the maternal age of the mother. This study aimed to explore relationships between maternal blood lead levels, and maternal age (at first childbirth) with any observed differences in birth weight as a pregnancy outcome. METHODS: Life style information, maternal blood lead levels measured by micrograms per decilitre ( µg/dl), age of mother (years) and infant birth weight (grams) was collected from 250 consecutive (first-time) mother-infant pairs from hospital delivery departments in four Brisbane hospitals. Pregnancy outcomes (weight) were verified by consulting medical records. Lead was determined by electro thermal atomic absorption spectrometry (Whole Blood). Birth weight was recoded into three classes: Low birth weight (2500g); Lower end of normal (2500-3000g) and Normal (3000g). Additional notes: Lead exposure adversely affects the cognitive development and behaviour of young children . Regarding ‘LEAD EXPOSURE IN PREGNANCY’, according to the Centre for Disease Control (CDC), the acceptable blood lead level is 10 ug/dL. US Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1999. . Write an unambiguous analytical plan to address the research question/s in the box above. Please note that the data required for this question are located on file1. 2. 1. What are the variables involved in answering the research question/s, e. g. independent dependant variables; In the first research question, the independent variable is the maternal lead level, while the dependent variable is birth weight of the infants. In the second research question, the independent variable is the age of the mother at first childbirth and the dependent variable is birth weight. 2. What is their level of measurement (type); All variables considered in this study birth weight of the infants, age of the mother at first childbirth and maternal lead level are ratio variables. Ratio variables are those which are measured on a scale where the distance from one point to another means the same things wherever the measurement is made on the scale. This scale is also characterized to have a true zero point representing the absence of what is being measured (Statistical Glossary, 2007) 3. Write-up the scientific hypotheses that you want to test to address the research question/s; The following hypotheses, stated in the null form, were tested at a 0. 05 level of significance : a. There are no significant differences in the means of the maternal lead levels when the infants are grouped according to birthweight. b. There is no significant association between maternal age at first childbirth and the birthweight of infants. 4. What tables (numerical) and/or graphs would you use to summarise the associations once the data are collected and analysed? Provide ‘dummy’ tables and/or graphs with appropriate labels; The following tables summarize the associations revealed from the test of the first hypothesis. Table 1. Significant Differences in the Maternal Lead Levels When the Infants are Grouped According to Birthweight based on One-Way Analysis of Variance (? = 0. 05). Source of Variation Sum of Squares Degrees of freedom (df) Mean Square F-value p-value Remarks Between groups 42. 492 2 21. 246 4. 350 0. 014 Significant difference in at least one pair of means Within groups 1206. 255 247 4. 884 Total 1248. 747 249 Table 2. Mean differences and p-values in the Maternal Lead Levels Among the Three Groups of Infants using Bonferroni Post-hoc Analysis Infant Groups Mean differences in Maternal Lead Levels (I – J) p-value Remarks I J Low birthweight Lower end of normal birthweight 0. 5952 0. 645 No significant difference Normal birthweight -0. 3895 1. 000 No significant difference. Lower end of normal birthweight Low birthweight 0. 5952 0. 645 No significant difference Normal birthweight -0. 9848 0. 011 Maternal lead level Significantly Higher in normal weight infants Normal birthweight Low birthweight 0. 3895 1. 000 No significant difference Lower end of normal birthweight -0. 9848 0. 011 Maternal lead level Significantly Higher in normal weight infants The following tables summarize the associations revealed from the test of the second hypothesis. Table 3. Relationship Between Maternal Age at Childbirth and Birthweight of Infants (? = 0. 011) Variables Correlation. Coefficient p-value Remarks Maternal age of mothers at first childbith (independent) vs. Birthweight of infants (dependent) 0. 18 0. 004 There is significant slight correlation between maternal age of mothers at first childbirth and the birthweight of infants. 1 Hypothesis was tested using 0. 01 level of significance. Results of the test of hypothesis that â€Å"There is no significant association between maternal age at first childbirth and the birthweight of infants† is shown in Table 3. 5. Provide a statement of the statistical test(s) that will be appropriate to test the hypotheses; To test the hypothesis that â€Å"There are no significant differences in the means of the maternal lead levels when the infants are grouped according to birthweight†, the best statistical treatment to use is one way Analysis of Variance ANOVA at a 0. 05 level of significance. When the computed p-value, which for this study is 0. 014 is less than the level of significance, which is 0. 05, there is significant difference in at least one pair of means. To evaluate, which of the means differed, a post-hoc analysis is conducted. Since there are only three groups, the conservative Bonferroni multiple comparisons test is applied. P-values from the post hoc analysis indicate which of the pairs of mean differed. To determine which of the two means that differed is actually higher, either the descriptives which shows the means of the groups or the mean difference in post-hoc analysis results may be used. To test the hypothesis that â€Å"There is no significant association between maternal age at first childbirth and the birthweight of infants† correlation analysis is employed at a 0. 01 level of significance. The resulting value of the correlation coefficient was interpreted using the following table : Table 4. Interpretation of Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation (Monzon-Ybanez, 1997) Coefficient Range Interpretation 0. 00  ± 0. 20  ± 0. 20  ± 0. 40  ± 0. 40  ± 0. 70  ± 0. 70  ± 0. 90  ± 0. 90  ± 1. 00 Slight correlation; almost negligible relationship Low correlation; small relationship Moderate correlation; relationship substantial High correlation; marked relationship Very high correlation; Very dependable relationship Correlation is significant if the p-value generated is less than the specified level of significance. 6. Provide a list of assumptions that will need to be met to apply the test(s) validly; To validly apply ANOVA, the following assumptions must be satisfied : the distribution of the data to be analysed should be normal and there should be homogeneity of variance. Normality may be simply checked using Q-Q plots or with statistical tests like Kolmogorov-Smirnov or Shapiro Wilk. Homogeneity of variance is verified using Levene’s test (Becker, 1999). In a correlation analysis, relationship between the independent and dependent variables are supposed to be concurrent, or in other words, both variables are in the same time frame (Jensen, 2005). 7. Provide a statement of the levels of significance, that you will use to test each hypothesis; The hypothesis that â€Å"There are no significant differences in the means of the maternal lead levels when the infants are grouped according to birthweight† was tested at a level of significance (? ) of 0. 05. The hypothesis that â€Å"There is no significant association between maternal age at first childbirth and the birthweight of infants† was tested at a level of significance (? ) of 0. 01. 8. Finally, provide a sentence or two that you would present to the researchers to explain the results at both a descriptive (univariate) and inference (bivariate) level. Results of a one-way Analysis of Variance revealed a significant difference in the maternal lead levels among the three groups of infants grouped according to birth weight, with an F-value of 4. 350 and a p-value of 0. 014. Post hoc analysis via Bonferroni multiple comparisons test suggested that the mean of maternal lead levels of the group of infants with normal birthweight (4. 4052  ± 2. 37333) are significantly higher (p=0. 011) than the mean of maternal lead levels of the group of infants at the lower end of the normal birthweight (3. 4214  ± 1. 55170). No significant differences were noted on the other pairs of means. On the other hand, a correlation analysis performed at 0. 01 level of significance implied significant slight correlation (Pearson r = 0. 18, p-value=0. 004) between maternal age at first childbirth (32. 11  ± 5. 274) and birthweight of infants (3204. 47  ±620. 986). References Becker, L. (1999, July 7). Explore: Assumption testing for ANOVA.Retrieved April 11, 2008, from The University of Colorado at Colorado Springs: http://web. uccs. edu/ lbecker/spss80/explore2. htm. Jensen, A. (2005, August 10). Correlation Analysis. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from California State University, Sacramento: http://www. csus. edu/indiv/j/jensena/ mgmt105/correl01. htm. Monzon-Ybanez, L. (1997). Basic Statistics. Quezon City, Philippines : Phoenix Press, Inc. Statistical Glossary. (2007). Retrieved April 10, 2008, from http://www. statistics. com/resources/glossary/r/ratioscale. php. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. (2006). Version 11. 0. [CD-ROM] Chicago, Illinois.

Columbia Space Shuttle- Final Mission :: American History, NASA

Columbia Final Mission Wayne Hale, Deputy Shuttle Manager Wrote: "Last year we dropped the torch through our complacency, our arrogance, self assurance, sheer stupidity and through our continuing attempt to please everyone". "Seven of our friends and colleagues paid the ultimate price for our failure. Yet the nation is giving us another chanceÂ…..We must not Fail" More then three years ago the Space Shuttle Columbia went down in flames, due to the damage caused but not limited to, a piece of insulating foam that broke off the external tank and struck the wing's leading edge. The foam struck with enough force to create an opening in the wing which allowed hot plasma to enter during reentry. No one thought that foam could cause this much damage since nothing like this had resulted from previous instances where the foam had come off. In the beginning NASA was faced with a tight budget given to them by the government. This budget was large enough to build a state of the art air craft but wasn't enough to develop an escape system that might of proving to be useful in this case. The culture of NASA was a factor that created this mistake, "The mantra "Prove to me that there's something wrong". The chain of command was not equal; the small guys couldn't voice their opinions and concerns because of the position they held in the organization. Another concern was that they miscalculated the risk of the foam creating any damage just because it never destroyed another shuttle. The facts were clear that the foam had the ability to create some damage, and this was apparent in many other space shuttle launches. Foam debris was classified as an "in-family" event- a problem within NASA experience base that was not considered a safety of flight issue. NASA even knew that foam debris tended to fall off the left bipod ramp and t hat ten percent of the fights recorded loss foam from this area. Over the years NASA decided to put their concerns of foam damage to the side and called it an acceptable thing to happen during common flight procedures instead of finding a way to prevent it. On its first day in orbit NASA engineers came to the conclusion that the foam debris that hit the left wing might have caused severe damage to the shuttle and could prevent it from a safe reentry.

After the Order of Melchizedek

Adventist International Institute of Advanced Studies Theological Seminary â€Å"After the Order of Melchizedek† A Term Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Course: THST 619 Doctrine of the Sanctuary by Ralph D Bock October 2009 Table of Contents CHAPTER 11 INTRODUCTION1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY4 DELIMITATION5 METHODOLOGY5 CHAPTER 27 TYPOLOGY OF JESUS AND MELCHIZEDEK7 WHAT IS TYPOLOGY? 7 WHO IS MELCHIZEDEK? 8 AFTER THE ORDER OF MELCHIZEDEK10 CHAPTER 316 SUMMARY, FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION16 BIBLIOGRAPHY19 CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION WHAT IS THE MEANING OF THE PHRASE â€Å"AFTER THE ORDER OF MELCHIZEDEK? † PSALM 110 SPEAKS ABOUT A PERSON WHO IS A KING AND A PRIEST, BUT IN THE HISTORY OF ISRAEL THERE WAS NEVER SUCH A KING. IT COULD BE THAT THE PSALM SPEAKS ABOUT A FUTURE KING-PRIEST. IT IS OBVIOUS THAT IT DEALS NOT WITH A HISTORICAL KING, BUT WITH THE MESSIAH. [1] The prediction of Jesus’ priestho od according to the order of Melchizedek indicated that the Aaronic priesthood was transitory (Heb 7 verses 11–14), and imperfect—that is, salvation from sin—was not possible through the Aaronic priesthood.This meant that God intended to change the priestly law, making it possible for one who was not a descendant of Aaron to become a High Priest. Once the new High Priest after the order of Melchizedek arrived, the typical priesthood would end (verses 15–19). Christ became priest, not on the basis of genealogical ties, but by a divine declaration. His priesthood is permanent because His life is indestructible. [2] This is called in biblical theology typology. Whether or not typology can legitimately be embraced in the interpretation of certain messianic prophecies is by far the most controversial question.One area of OT typology was that of typical individuals who served as prototypes both of other individuals within the OT and of Christ; in addition, the Melchizedek of Genesis 14:18-20 served as an individual type of the Messiah within the OT, as evinced in Psalm 110:4; and that the author of the Book of Hebrews utilized the Melchizedekian typology already employed within the OT canon to further his arguments for the supremacy of the priesthood of Jesus to that of the Levites. [3] Matthew Henry and et al. reference to Hebrew 7. that Melchizedek met Abraham returning from the rescue of Lot, Melchizedek’s name, â€Å"King of Righteousness,† doubtless suitable to his character, marked him as a type of the Messiah and his kingdom. The name of his city signified â€Å"Peace;† and as King of Peace he typified Christ, the Prince of Peace, the great Reconciler of God and man. Nothing is recorded as to the beginning or end of his life; thus he typically resembled the Son of God, whose existence is from everlasting to everlasting, who had no one that was before Him, and will have no one come after Him, in His priesthood.E very part of Scripture honors the great King of Righteousness and Peace, our glorious High Priest and Savior; and the more we examine it, the more we shall be convinced, that the testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy. [4] There are strong parallels between Melchizedek and Jesus: both are the Sons of God, priest of the Order of Melchizedek, King of Righteous, King of Peace, appointed by God, eternal priesthood, and preexistent. Statement of the Problem The problem this paper espouses is embodied in the questions: What was so special about the order of Melchizedek?Why would God juxtapose the order of Melchizedek to that of Jesus if there where no credence to it? Significance of the study The study is significant because it will explore the intertextual study of Melchizedek in relation to Jesus Christ. The study is vital because it will contribute to the knowledge of bringing to focus the importance of Jesus’ priesthood as superior and more elevating and able to meet the needs of God’s people during the closing days of earth’s history. Purpose of the StudyThe main thrust of this paper is to provide a clearer view of the superior and excellent perception of Jesus’ priesthood as efficacious enough for the people of God. In reality, Jesus Christ is the only true priestly mediator between God and the human race. The priesthoods of Aaron and Melchizedek serve only as role models of Christ’s effective ministry. â€Å"For there is one God, and there is one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus, who gave himself as a ransom for all, the testimony to which was borne at the proper time† (1 Tim. 2:5,6). [5] DelimitationThe paper will be delimited to the few pericopes about Melchizedek in Genesis 14, Psalm 110 and the letter to the Hebrews chapter 7. Methodology This is a qualitative research that describes Melchizedek and Jesus’ priesthood from Jewish and Christian sources. Chapter 1 is a description of th e introduction that includes the significance of study, purpose and the delimitation of the research. Chapter 2 contains the literature review that extrapolates sources from Jewish, Christian, and non-Christian literature to expound on Melchizedek and Jesus’ priesthood as relevant to the plan of salvation.Chapter 3 is the conclusion with the focus on the summary and findings of the research work. Chapter 2 TYPOLOGY OF JESUS AND MELCHIZEDEK WHAT IS TYPOLOGY? Exactly what is a type? Theologically speaking, a type may be defined as â€Å"a figure or ensample of something future and more or less prophetic, called the ‘Antitype’†. [6] Muenscher says a type is â€Å"the preordained representative relation which certain persons, events, and institutions of the Old Testament bear to corresponding persons, events, and institutions in the New†. 7] Wick Broomall has a concise statement that is helpful: â€Å"A type is a shadow cast on the pages of the Old Tes tament history by a truth whose full embodiment or antitype is found in the New Testament revelation†. [8] We would, in summary, suggest the following definition, which we paraphrase from Terry: A type is a real, exalted happening in history which was divinely ordained by the omniscient God to be a prophetic picture of the good things which he purposed to bring to fruition in Christ Jesus.Who is Melchizedek? The identification of Melchizedek has been highly debated in the history of the church. Jewish tradition has identified Melchizedek with Shem, the son of Noah who, after the chronology in Genesis, survived the flood and lived at a time when Abraham was alive and was his contemporary for a hundred years. Christian tradition has proposed different interpretations to identify who Melchizedek was. Origen said that Melchizedek was an angel. Others have proposed that he was the Holy Spirit in human form.Many Christians, ancient and contemporary, have said that this is a classica l example of a Christophany in the Old Testament, that is, Melchizedek was Jesus Christ himself, who appeared to Abraham in human form. The concept of Christophany should be rejected because it contradicts the statement in the book of Hebrews that Jesus was designated a Priest after the order of Melchizedek. If Melchizedek was Christ then how could Christ himself become a Priest in the likeness of Melchizedek? [9] Ellen White wrote in the Review and Herald that it was Christ that spoke through Melchizedek, the priest of the Most High God.Melchizedek was not Christ, but he was the voice of God in the world, the representative of the Father. And all through the generations of the past, Christ has spoken; Christ has led His people, and has been the light of the world. [10] Another view is that Melchizedek was a type of Christ. The typological interpretation suggests that the priesthood of Melchizedek was a type of Christ’s priesthood. As Melchizedek was a priest of the Most High God, so was Jesus. As Melchizedek was a king, so was Jesus. Both Melchizedek and Jesus were royal priests.In the persons of Melchizedek and Jesus the offices of priest and king were combined. For this paper we are going to focus on the view that Melchizedek was a type of Jesus. After The Order of Melchizedek The Lord has sworn and will not change his mind: You are a priest forever after the order of Melchizedek (Ps 110,4). Unlike the ordinary priests, for whom it was possible to be of priestly descent and yet not actually function as priests (cf. Deut 18,6-8; Lev 21,17-23), the priesthood of Jesus priest was sworn unto Him by God Himself to be after the order of Melchizedek.He was not of any priestly descent inasmuch as he was not of the tribe of Levi, nor was he a priest in the sense of someone who was actually employed as a sanctuary attendant and was carrying out sanctuary duties on a day-to-day basis. However, his priesthood was more permanent and enduring than that of any othe r priest, since whether or not he was functioning in the sanctuary and ‘doing the job’ of priest, he was by definition a mediator between people and deity for the rest of his life. [11] Christ was a priest of God after the â€Å"order of Melchizedek† (Psalm 110:4; Hebrews 5:6,10; 6:20; 7:11,17).The word â€Å"order† (taxis) signifies an â€Å"arrangement. † In this connection, it means â€Å"of similar arrangement,† i. e. , the nature of, or â€Å"just like Melchizedek†. The meaning is this: in some sense the kingly-priesthood of Jesus would be similar in nature to that of Melchizedek. Note the reference to Psalm 110:4 above, and observe that Christ made the application of this Psalm to Himself in Matthew 22:43-45[12] It was not that Melchizedek was â€Å"without father, without mother† literally, or that he had no genealogical background.No, the truth being conveyed was this. Whereas the Aaronic priesthood resulted from being a part of a family line, i. e. , the descendants of Aaron, Moses’ brother, the priesthood of Melchizedek was bestowed directly by God. And it was precisely in this manner that the Lord Jesus was appointed as our High Priest; he did not inherit it by means of a physical lineage (cf. Hebrews 7:14). [13] In the Letter to the Hebrews, the author uses the figure of Melchizedek in his reflection on the salvation-historical significance of Jesus' life.Although there are probably original elements to his use of Melchizedek, much of what he affirms about Melchizedek is parallel or similar to what is found in Jesus. The author uses the view that his readers had about Melchizedek for the purpose of proving the superiority of Jesus' High Priesthood to that of Aaron and his descendents. His goal is to demonstrate that Christ's death brings the Levitical sacrificial system to an end. The figure of Melchizedek sees the unification of king and high priest into one individual. These two office s were separated in the Mosaic covenant and also later in the Davidic covenant.Moses led the people whereas Aaron his brother founded a high-priestly order; later, when God swore to David that he would establish his dynasty forever, the high priesthood belonged to the family of Zadok, who was a priest (from the line of Aaron). Melchizedek, in the author's view, prefigures the unification of two offices in one person, which should come to pass in the â€Å"last days. † To be a priest forever according to the order of Melchizedek is to be both king and priest. And as I may so say, Levi also, who receiveth tithes, payed tithes in Abraham. 0 For he was yet in the loins of his father, when Melchizedek met him. Abraham, the father of the Levites and the nation of Israel, paid tithes to Melchizedek and because of that, through Abraham, Levi also paid tithes to Melchizedek, so to speak. In doing so, not only was Melchizedek greater than Abraham, but greater than Levi and the priestho od that bore his name. If therefore perfection were by the Levitical priesthood, for under it the people received the law, what further need was there that another priest should rise after the order of Melchizedek, and not be called after the order of Aaron?The writer, having established the superiority of the priestly ministry of Melchizedek over the Levitical priesthood, now shows the superiority of the priestly ministry of Christ Jesus over both. Perfection, as we have seen in this paper, refers to salvation. Perfection is the New Testament sacrifice; it is salvation through the sacrifice of Christ, and the completeness of His entire work for the believer. In addition if the Levitical priesthood and the Mosaic Law could bring a person into salvation, reconciliation and access to God, then there was no need for another priest to come after the order of Melchizedek.The fact that there was one who came after the order of Melchizedek proved the failure of the Levitical priesthood and the Mosaic Law to provide a complete and comprehensive salvation that only Christ, our great High Priest, provides. It means that Christ was not a High Priest, as in Aaronic and the Levitical order (according to the law of Moses). The High Priesthood of Jesus Christ is of a higher order! Christ was and is a High Priest as Melchizedek; and not as Aaron or Levi. Note the following: 1. Melchizedek's position as High Priest was not dependent on ancestry†¦ either was Christ's. (7:14). 2. Melchizedek was not in a succession of many priests†¦ neither is Christ. (7:3). 3. Melchizedek's priesthood was higher than and separate from the Levitical order†¦ so is Christ's. (7:4-7). ? 4. Melchizedek was priest and king†¦ so is Christ! (See Zech. 6:9-15). 5. Melchizedek received tribute from Abraham, the father of the Jewish nation; this shows the superiority of Melchizedek's priesthood above the Levitical (which came out of the loins of Abraham). {See Gen. 14:18-20 with Heb. 7 :4}[14]. Chapter 3 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONTHIS CHAPTER DISCUSSES THE SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE RESEARCH. Summary The replacing of the old priesthood with the eternal priesthood of Christ also meant a replacement of the Old Covenant with the New Covenant, which was required. All of this was set up, executed and revealed by God, for the purpose of convincing the Jews – their old Levitical priesthood was now history. And it means that we have a High Priest and access to God! â€Å"For such a high priest became us, who is holy, harmless, undefiled, separate from sinners, and made higher than the heavens.Who needed not daily, as those high priests, to offer up sacrifice, first for his own sins, and then for the people; for this he did once, when he offered up himself. † (Heb. 7:26-27). â€Å"Wherefore, he is able also to save them to the uttermost that come unto God by him, seeing he ever lived to make intercession for them,† (Heb. 7:25). Conclusion A careful reading of Hebrews 7 provides a lens for understanding the rest of the letter. Christ’s priesthood, its efficacy and our response, is the main theme of the letter, and this is expounded carefully in chap. 7, via the vehicle of Melchizedek.In the form of true Hebrew poetics, repetitions of references to Melchizedek lead the reader on a hermeneutical journey. However, also in good Hebrew form, what is left unsaid explicitly also colors the reading and understanding and makes the possibilities for interpretation even richer. [15] Recommendations After a careful analysis of the juxtaposition position of the Melchizedek’s priesthood and Priesthood of Christ, this paper proposes the following recommendation for further research: In examining the priesthood of Christ, does grace have any antecedents?What has Christ to offer up for the perfection of His Priesthood in heaven? Does Christ Priesthood offer any hope of salvation to the sinner? Bibliography BIRD, CHAD L. 2000. â€Å"TYPOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION WITHIN THE OLD TESTAMENT: MELCHIZEDEKIAN TYPOLOGY. † CONCORDIA JOURNAL 26. Booij, Thijs. â€Å"Psalm 110: â€Å"rule in the midst of your foes! † Vetus testamentum 41, no. 4 October 1991. Broomall, Wick. 1960. Baker Dictionary of Theology. Everett F. Harrison, Geoffrey W. Bromiley, and Carl F. H. Henry, eds. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker. Bullinger, E. W. 1968. Figures of Speech Used in the Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker. Coleran, James E. The sacrifice of Melchisedech. † Theological Studies 1, no. 1 February 1940. Danker, et al. , Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament, Chicago: University of Chicago, 2000. Dunnill John, Covenant and sacrifice in the Letter to the Hebrews. SNTS 75; Cambridge, CUP, 1992. Edwardson, C â€Å"Bible facts concerning the Sanctuary and the Judgement†, Maplewood Press. Fitzmyer, Joseph A. â€Å"Now this Melchizedek† (Heb 7:1). † Catholic Biblical Quarterly 25, no. 3,July 1963. Gane, Roy â€Å"Altar Call† Daidem, 1999. Kobelski, P J. â€Å"The Melchizedek tradition. † Journal of Biblical Literature 96, no. 4 December 1977. Lefler, Nathan. The Melchizedek traditions in the Letter to the Hebrews: reading through the eyes of an inspired Jewish-Christian author. † Pro Ecclesia 16, no. 1,2007. Mariottini Claude, A Priest after the order of Melchizedek, Professor of Old Testament, Northern Baptist Seminary. Mason, Eric Farrel. â€Å"Hebrews 7:3 and the relationship between Melchizedek and Jesus. † Biblical Research 50 2005. Neyrey, Jerome H. â€Å"Without beginning of days or end of life† Hebrews 7:3 : topos for a true deity. † Catholic Biblical Quarterly 53, no. 3 July 1991. Paul, M J. â€Å"The order of Melchizedek Ps 110:4 and Heb 7:3. † Westminster Theological Journal 49, no. Spr 1987. Petuchowski, Jakob Josef. â€Å"The controversial figure of Melchizedek. † Hebrew Union College Annual 28, 1957. Review and Harold, Feb. 18, 1890. Rooke, D. W. , Kingship as Priesthood: The Relationship between the High Priesthood and the Monarchy, King and Messiah in Israel and the Ancient Near East. JSOTSS 270; Sheffield 1998. Songer, Harold S. â€Å"A superior priesthood : Hebrews 4:14-7:27. † Review & Expositor 82, no. 3 Sum 1985. Terry, M. S. 1890. Biblical Hermeneutics. New York, NY: Eaton & Mains. Thompson, James W. â€Å"Conceptual background and purpose of the Midrash in Hebrews 7. † Novum testamentum 19, no. July 1977. Walter R. Roehrs, â€Å"The Typological Use of the Old Testament in the New Testament,† Concordia Journal 10,1984: 204-216; William J. Hassold, â€Å"Rectilinear or Typological Interpretation of Messianic Prophecy? † Concordia Theological Monthly 38,1967. Warren E. Berkley, http://www. bible. ca/ef/expository-Hebrews-7. htm Were, Louis F. â€Å"The blotting out of sins† ————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ [1] Paul, M J. â€Å"The order of Melchizedek (Ps 110:4 and Heb 7:3). â€Å"Westminster Theological Journal 49, no. 1 (Spring 1987): 195-211. [2]Raoul. Dederen, vol. 12, Handbook of Seventh-Day Adventist Theology, (electronic ed. Logos Library System; Commentary Reference Series Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 2001, c2000), 390. [3]Bird, Chad L. 2000. â€Å"Typological Interpretation Within the Old Testament: Melchizedekian Typology† Concordia Journal 26, no. 1: 36-52. [4]Matthew Henry and Thomas Scott, Matthew Henry's Concise Commentary, (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1997), Heb 7:1. [5]Dederen, Raoul, vol. 12, Handbook of Seventh-Day Adventist Theology, (electronic ed. , Logos Library System; Commentary Reference Series Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 2001, c2000), 390. [6] Bullinger, E.W. 1968. Figures of Speech Used in the Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker. [7] Terry, M. S. 1890. Biblical Hermeneutics. New York, NY: Eaton & Mains. [8] Broomall, Wick. 1960. Baker Dictionary of Theology. Everett F. Harrison, Geoffrey W. Bromiley, and Carl F. H. Henry, eds. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker. [9] Mariottini Claude, A Priest after the order of Melchizedek, Professor of Old Testament, Northern Baptist Seminary. [10] Review and Harold, Feb. 18, 1890. [11] D. W. ROOKE, Kingship as Priesthood: The Relationship between the High Priesthood and the Monarchy, King and Messiah in Israel and the Ancient Near East.JSOTSS 270; Sheffield 1998. [12] Danker, et al. , Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament,[pic] Chicago: University of Chicago, 2000, 989. [13] D. W. ROOKE, Kingship as Priesthood: The Relationship between the High Priesthood and the Monarchy, King and Messiah in Israel and the Ancient Near East. JSOTSS 270; Sheffield 1998. [14] Warren E. Berkley http://www. bible. ca/ef/expository-hebrews-7. htm [15] John Dunnill, Covenant and sacrifice in the Letter to the Hebrews. SNT S 75; Cambridge, CUP, 1992,

Challenges For Managers Ethical Dilemmas Facing The Modern

Challenges for Managers: Ethical Dilemmas Facing the Modern The target of this essay is to explain the challenges for managers in ethical dilemmas facing the modern in detail, particularly: organization, employee rights, sexual harassment, whistle-blowing, pay equally and social networking. Today in our society, we are confronted with ethical decisions every day that require our judgment. In business, ethics are coming to know what is right and wrong in the workplace and doing what is right. Ethics could range from a very simple problem to a very complicated one. Ethics is perhaps the most vital thing within a workplace environment. Ethics dictates how employees and employers must conduct themselves in and out of the work environment.†¦show more content†¦Some managers build their reliance on their employees by testing them or giving them an evaluation of the employee’s decisions. Employees who act ethically should be rewarded for their behavior. Unethical acts shoul d be punished. Ethical acts should be rewarded publicly while unethical acts should be dealt with privately. This encourages ethical behavior. Management should be able to maintain strong ethical standards in their organizations by assuring to all their employees to take ethical considerations when making decisions. Strong ethics are usually built over time in an organization. In chapter 4 of the book Ethics in Organizations and Leadership it states â€Å"The ethic of an organization refers to an organization’s attempt to define its mission and values, recognize the values that could cause tension, seek best solutions to these tensions, and manage the operations to maintain its values† (Butts 125). Sexual harassment Sexual harassment is any unwanted or unacceptable attention either by talking or by touching a person in a way they do not like. Sexual harassment can be physical and psychological. Sexual harassment could also include harassment based on the person’s sexual orientation or gender. 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